【資料名稱】：WCDMA室內(nèi)分布規(guī)劃經(jīng)典參考手冊(cè)《Indoor Radio Planning》

【資料作者】：Morten Tolstrup

【資料日期】：2008

【資料語(yǔ)言】：英文

【資料格式】：PDF

【資料目錄和簡(jiǎn)介】：

1 Introduction 1
2 Overview of Cellular Systems 5
2.1 Mobile Telephony 5
2.1.1 Cellular Systems 5
2.1.2 Radio Transmission in General 7
2.1.3 The Cellular Concept 8
2.1.4 Digital Cellular Systems 9
2.2 Introduction to GSM 10
2.2.1 GSM 10
2.2.2 GSM Radio Features 11
2.2.3 Mobility Management in GSM 16
2.2.4 GSM Signaling 22
2.2.5 GSM Network Architecture 25
2.3 Universal Telecommunication System 28
2.3.1 The Most Important UMTS Radio Design Parameters 28
2.3.2 The UMTS Radio Features 29
2.3.3 UMTS Noise Control 38
2.3.4 UMTS Handovers 42
2.3.5 UMTS Power Control 47
2.3.6 UMTS and Multipath Propagation 51
2.3.7 UMTS Signaling 53
2.3.8 The UMTS Network Elements 56
2.4 Introduction to HSPA 58
2.4.1 Introduction 58
2.4.2 Wi-Fi 58
2.4.3 Introduction to HSDPA 60
2.4.4 Indoor HSPA Coverage 62
2.4.5 Indoor HSPA Planning for Maximum Performance 63
2.4.6 HSDPA Coverage from the Macro Network 64
2.4.7 Passive DAS and HSPA 67
2.4.8 Conclusion 69
3 Indoor Radio Planning 71
3.1 Why is In-building Coverage Important? 71
3.1.1 Commercial and Technical Evaluation 71
3.1.2 The Main Part of the Mobile Traffic is Indoors 72
3.1.3 Some 70–80% of Mobile Traffic is Inside Buildings 72
3.1.4 Indoor Solutions Can Make a Great Business Case 72
3.1.5 Business Evaluation 72
3.1.6 Coverage Levels/Cost Level 73
3.1.7 Evaluate the Value of the Proposed Solution 73
3.2 Indoor Coverage from the Macro Layer 74
3.2.1 More Revenue with Indoor Solutions 74
3.2.2 The Problem Reaching Indoor Mobile Users 75
3.3 The Indoor UMTS/HSPA Challenge 77
3.3.1 UMTS Orthogonality Degradation 77
3.3.2 Power Load per User 79
3.3.3 Interference Control in the Building 80
3.3.4 The Soft Handover Load 80
3.3.5 UMTS/HSPA Indoor Coverage Conclusion 80
3.4 Common UMTS Rollout Mistakes 82
3.4.1 The Macro Mistake 82
3.4.2 Do Not Apply GSM Strategies 82
3.4.3 The Correct Way to Plan UMTS/HSPA Indoor Coverage 83
3.5 The Basics of Indoor RF Planning 84
3.5.1 Isolation is the Key 84
3.5.2 Tinted Windows Will Help Isolation 84
3.5.3 The ‘High-rise Problem’ 84
3.5.4 Radio Service Quality 88
3.5.5 Indoor RF Design Levels 89
3.5.6 The Zone Planning Concept 89
4 Distributed Antenna Systems 93
4.1 What Type of Distributed Antenna System is Best? 93
4.1.1 Passive or Active DAS 94
4.1.2 Learn to Use all the Indoor Tools 94
4.1.3 Combine the Tools 94
4.2 Passive Components 95
4.2.1 General 95
4.2.2 Coax Cable 95
4.2.3 Splitters 96
4.2.4 Taps/Uneven Splitters 97
4.2.5 Attenuators 98
vi Contents
4.2.6 Dummy Loads or Terminators 99
4.2.7 Circulators 99
4.2.8 A 3 dB Coupler (90
Hybrid) 100
4.2.9 Power Load on Passive Components 102
4.2.10 Filters 103
4.3 The Passive DAS 103
4.3.1 Planning the Passive DAS 103
4.3.2 Main Points About Passive DAS 105
4.3.3 Applications for Passive DAS 106
4.4 Active DAS 106
4.4.1 Easy to Plan 107
4.4.2 Pure Active DAS for Large Buildings 107
4.4.3 Pure Active DAS for Small to Medium-size Buildings 111
4.4.4 Active Fiber DAS 113
4.5 Hybrid Active DAS Solutions 115
4.5.1 Data Performance on the Uplink 115
4.5.2 DL Antenna Power 116
4.5.3 Antenna Supervision 116
4.5.4 Installation Challenges 116
4.5.5 The Elements of the Hybrid Active DAS 116
4.6 Other Hybrid DAS Solutions 118
4.6.1 In-line BDA Solution 118
4.6.2 Combining Passive and Active Indoor DAS 119
4.6.3 Combining Indoor and Outdoor Coverage 121
4.7 Radiating Cable Solutions 122
4.7.1 The Radiating Cable 122
4.7.2 Calculating the Coverage Level 125
4.7.3 Installation Challenges Using Radiating Cable 126
4.8 Tunnel Solutions, Cascaded BDAs 127
4.8.1 Cascaded Noise Build-up 127
4.8.2 Example of a Real-life Cascaded BDA System 128
4.9 Tunnel Solutions, T-Systems 129
4.9.1 T-Systems, Principle 130
4.9.2 Example of a Real-life T-System with BDAs 130
4.9.3 T-Systems with Antenna Distribution 132
4.10 Handover Design in Tunnels 133
4.10.1 General Considerations 133
4.10.2 Using Antennas for the HO Zone in Tunnels 134
4.10.3 Using Parallel Radiating Cable for the HO Zone 136
4.10.4 Using a Coupler for the HO Zone 137
4.11 Designing with Pico and Femto Cells 137
4.11.1 The Pico/Femto Cell Principle 137
4.11.2 Typical Pico Cell Design 138
4.11.3 Extending Pico Cell Coverage with Active DAS 141
4.11.4 Combining Pico Cells into the Same DAS, Only GSM/DCS 141
4.11.5 Cost Savings When Combining Capacity of GSM Pico Cells 142
Contents vii
4.12 Active DAS Data 144
4.12.1 Gain and Delay 144
4.12.2 Power Per Carrier 146
4.12.3 Bandwidth, Ripple 146
4.12.4 The 1 dB Compression Point 147
4.12.5 IP3 Third-order Intercept Point 147
4.12.6 Harmonic Distortion, Inter-modulation 149
4.12.7 Spurious Emissions 149
4.12.8 Noise Figure 149
4.12.9 MTBF 150
4.13 Electromagnetic Radiation 151
4.13.1 ICNIRP EMR Guidelines 151
4.13.2 Mobiles are the Strongest Source of EMR 153
4.13.3 Indoor DAS Will Provide Lower EMR Levels 153
4.14 Conclusion 155
5 Designing Indoor DAS Solutions 157
5.1 The Indoor Planning Procedure 157
5.1.1 Indoor Planning Process Flow 157
5.1.2 The RF Planning Part of the Process 159
5.1.3 The Site Survey 160
5.1.4 Time Frame for Implementing Indoor DAS 161
5.1.5 Post Implementation 161
5.2 The RF Design Process 162
5.2.1 The Role of the RF Planner 162
5.2.2 RF Measurements 162
5.2.3 The Initial RF Measurements 163
5.2.4 Measurements of Existing Coverage Level 164
5.2.5 RF Survey Measurement 165
5.2.6 Planning the Measurements 166
5.2.7 Post Implementation Measurements 168
5.2.8 Free Space Loss 169
5.2.9 The One Meter Test 170
5.3 Designing the Optimum Indoor Solution 171
5.3.1 Adapt the Design to Reality 171
5.3.2 Learn from the Mistakes of Others 171
5.3.3 Common Mistakes When Designing Indoor Solutions 174
5.3.4 Planning the Antenna Locations 175
5.3.5 The ‘Corridor Effect’ 177
5.3.6 Fire Cells Inside the Building 178
5.3.7 Indoor Antenna Performance 178
5.3.8 The ‘Corner Office Problem’ 182
5.3.9 Interleaving Antennas In-between Floors 184
5.3.10 Planning for Full Indoor Coverage 187
5.3.11 The Cost of Indoor Design Levels 188
viii Contents
5.4 Indoor Design Strategy 190
5.4.1 Hot-spot Planning Inside Buildings 190
5.4.2 Special Design Considerations 192
5.4.3 The Design Flow 192
5.4.4 Placing the Indoor Antennas 193
5.5 Handover Considerations Inside Buildings 194
5.5.1 Indoor GSM Handover Planning 194
5.5.2 Indoor UMTS Handover Planning 196
5.5.3 Handover Zone Size 197
5.6 Elevator Coverage 198
5.6.1 Elevator Installation Challenges 198
5.6.2 The Most Common Coverage Elevator Solution 199
5.6.3 Antenna Inside the Shaft 199
5.6.4 Repeater in the Lift-car 200
5.6.5 DAS Antenna in the Lift-car 201
5.6.6 Passive Repeaters in Elevators 201
5.6.7 Real-life Example of a Passive Repeater in an Elevator 202
5.6.8 Control the Elevator HO Zone 203
5.6.9 Elevator HO Zone Size 204
5.7 Multioperator Systems 204
5.7.1 Multioperator DAS Solutions Compatibility 205
5.7.2 The Combiner System 206
5.7.3 Inter-modulation Distortion 207
5.7.4 How to Minimize PIM 209
5.7.5 IMD Products 209
5.8 Co-existence Issues for GSM/UMTS 210
5.8.1 Spurious Emissions 211
5.8.2 Combined DAS for GSM900 and UMTS 211
5.8.3 Combined DAS for GSM1800 and UMTS 212
5.9 Co-existence Issues for UMTS/UMTS 213
5.9.1 Adjacent Channel Interference Power Ratio 213
5.9.2 The ACIR Problem with Indoor DAS 215
5.9.3 Solving the ACIR Problem Inside Buildings 216
5.10 Multioperator Requirements 216
5.10.1 Multioperator Agreement 217
5.10.2 Parties Involved in the Indoor Project 218
5.10.3 The Most Important Aspects to Cover in the MOA 218
6 Traffic Dimensioning 221
6.1 Erlang, the Traffic Measurement 221
6.1.1 What is One Erlang? 221
6.1.2 Call Blocking, Grade of Service 223
6.1.3 The Erlang B Table 223
6.1.4 User Types, User Traffic Profile 225
6.1.5 Save on Cost, Use the Erlang Table 226
Contents ix
6.1.6 When Not to Use Erlang 226
6.1.7 GSM Radio Channels and Erlang 227
6.1.8 UMTS Channels and Erlang 228
6.1.9 Trunking Gain, Resource Sharing 228
6.1.10 Cell Configuration in Indoor Projects 230
6.1.11 Busy Hour and Return on Investment Calculations 231
6.1.12 Base Station Hotels 233
6.1.13 Data Capacity 233
7 Noise 235
7.1 Noise Fundamentals 235
7.1.1 Thermal Noise 236
7.1.2 Noise Factor 237
7.1.3 Noise Figure 237
7.1.4 Noise Floor 237
7.1.5 The Receiver Sensitivity 238
7.1.6 Noise Figure of Amplifiers 239
7.1.7 Noise Factor of Coax Cables 240
7.2 Cascaded Noise 242
7.2.1 The Friis Formula 242
7.2.2 Amplifier After the Cable Loss 243
7.2.3 Amplifier Prior to the Cable Loss 245
7.2.4 Problems with Passive Cables and Passive DAS 248
7.3 Noise Power 250
7.3.1 Calculating the Noise Power of a System 250
7.4 Noise Power from Parallel Systems 254
7.4.1 Calculating Noise Power from Parallel Sources 254
7.5 Noise Control 255
7.5.1 Noise Load on Base Stations 256
7.5.2 Noise and GSM Base Stations 256
7.5.3 Noise and UMTS Base Stations 256
7.6 Updating a Passive DAS from 2G to 3G 257
7.6.1 The 3G/HSPA Challenge 257
7.6.2 The UMTS Problem 258
7.6.3 Solution 1, In-line BDA 259
7.6.4 Solution 2: Active DAS Overlay 263
7.6.5 Conclusions on Noise and Noise Control 267
8 The Link Budget 269
8.1 The Components and Calculations of the RF Link 269
8.1.1 The Maximum Allowable Path Loss 270
8.1.2 The Components in the Link Budget 270
8.1.3 Link Budgets for Indoor Systems 277
8.1.4 Passive DAS Link Budget 277
8.1.5 Active DAS Link Budget 278
8.1.6 The Free Space Loss 279
x Contents
8.1.7 The Modified Indoor Model 280
8.1.8 The PLS Model 281
8.1.9 Calculating the Antenna Service Radius 284
9 Tools for Indoor Radio Planning 285
9.1 Live and Learn 285
9.2 Diagram Tools 286
9.2.1 Simple or Advanced? 286
9.3 Radio Survey Tools 287
9.3.1 Use Only Calibrated Equipment 287
9.4 The Simple Tools and Tips 287
9.4.1 Use a Digital Camera 287
9.4.2 Use the World Wide Web 287
9.4.3 Traffic Calculations 288
9.5 Tools for Link Budget Calculations 288
9.6 Tools for Indoor Predictions 289
9.6.1 Spreadsheets Can Do Most of the Job 289
9.6.2 The More Advanced RF Prediction Models 290
9.7 The Advanced Toolkit (RF-vu from iBwave.com) 291
9.7.1 Save Time, Keep Costs and Mistakes to a Minimum 291
9.7.2 Import Floor Plans 292
9.7.3 Diagram and Floor Plan 292
9.7.4 Schematic Diagram 292
9.7.5 Error Detection 293
9.7.6 Component Database 293
9.7.7 Equipment List and Project Cost Report 293
9.7.8 RF and Installation Report 293
9.7.9 Multisystem or Multioperator 293
9.7.10 Importing an RF Survey 294
9.7.11 Site Documentation 294
9.7.12 RF Propagation 294
9.7.13 Fully Integrated 296
10 Optimizing the Radio Resource Management Parameters on Node B
When Interfacing to an Active DAS, BDA, LNA or TMA 297
10.1 Introduction 297
10.1.1 UMTS Radio Performance is All About Noise and Power Control 297
10.1.2 UMTS RF Parameter Reference is Different from GSM 298
10.1.3 Adjust the Parameters 298
10.1.4 How to Adjust this in the RAN 299
10.1.5 Switch Off the LNA in Node B when Using Active DAS 299
10.2 Impact of DL Power Offset 299
10.2.1 Access Burst 299
10.2.2 Power Offset Between Node B and the Active DAS 300
10.2.3 Solution 301
Contents xi
10.2.4 Impact on the UL of Node B 301
10.2.5 Admission Control 301
10.3 Impact of Noise Power 302
10.3.1 The UL Noise Increase on Node B 302
10.4 Delay of the Active DAS 302
10.4.1 Solution 303
10.5 Impact of External Noise Power 303
10.5.1 To Calculate the Noise Power 303
10.5.2 To Calculate the UL Attenuator 303
10.5.3 Affect on Admission Control 305
References 307
Appendix 309
Reference Material 309
Index 321