Contents
Preface xvii
Acknowledgements xxi
Abbreviations xxiii
1 Introduction 1
Harri Holma and Antti Toskala
1.1 WCDMA in Third-Generation Systems 1
1.2 Spectrum Allocations for Third-Generation Systems 2
1.3 Requirements for Third-Generation Systems 3
1.4 WCDMA and its Evolution 4
1.5 System Evolution 6
References 6
2 UMTS Services 9
Harri Holma, Martin Kristensson, Jouni Salonen and Antti Toskala
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 Person-to-Person Circuit Switched Services 10
2.2.1 AMR-NB and AMR-WB Speech Services 10
2.2.2 Video Telephony 13
2.3 Person-to-Person Packet Switched Services 15
2.3.1 Messaging 15
2.3.2 Push-to-Talk over Cellular 19
2.3.3 Voice over IP 21
2.3.4 Multiplayer Games 21
2.4 Content-to-Person Services 22
2.4.1 Browsing 22
2.4.2 Audio and Video Streaming 23
2.4.3 Content Download 24
2.5 Business Connectivity 24
2.6 Location Services 26
2.6.1 Cell-Coverage-Based Location Calculation 27
2.6.2 Assisted GPS 28
2.7 QoS Differentiation 29
2.8 Capacity and Cost of Service Delivery 34
2.8.1 Capacity per Subscriber 34
2.8.2 Cost of Voice and Data Delivery 35
2.9 Summary 37
References 38
3 Introduction to WCDMA 39
Peter Muszynski and Harri Holma
3.1 Introduction 39
3.2 Summary of the Main Parameters
in WCDMA 39
3.3 Spreading and Despreading 41
3.4 Multipath Radio Channels and Rake Reception 44
3.5 Power Control 47
3.6 Softer and Soft Handovers 50
References 52
4 Background and Standardisation of WCDMA 53
Antti Toskala
4.1 Introduction 53
4.2 Background in Europe 53
4.2.1 Wideband CDMA 54
4.2.2 Wideband TDMA 55
4.2.3 Wideband TDMA/CDMA 55
4.2.4 OFDMA 56
4.2.5 ODMA 56
4.2.6 ETSI Selection 57
4.3 Background in Japan 57
4.4 Background in Korea 58
4.5 Background in the United States 58
4.5.1 W-CDMA N/A 58
4.5.2 UWC-136 58
4.5.3 cdma2000 58
4.5.4 TR46.1 59
4.5.5 WP-CDMA 59
4.6 Creation of 3GPP 59
4.7 How does 3GPP Operate? 61
4.8 Creation of 3GPP2 62
4.9 Harmonisation Phase 62
4.10 IMT-2000 Process in ITU 62
4.11 Beyond 3GPP Release 99 63
References 65
vi Contents
5 Radio Access Network Architecture 67
Fabio Longoni, Atte La¨nsisalmi and Antti Toskala
5.1 System Architecture 67
5.2 UTRAN Architecture 70
5.2.1 The Radio Network Controller 71
5.2.2 The Node B (Base Station) 72
5.3 General Protocol Model for UTRAN Terrestrial Interfaces 72
5.3.1 General 72
5.3.2 Horizontal Layers 72
5.3.3 Vertical Planes 73
5.4 Iu, the UTRAN–CN Interface 74
5.4.1 Protocol Structure for Iu CS 74
5.4.2 Protocol Structure for Iu PS 76
5.4.3 RANAP Protocol 77
5.4.4 Iu User Plane Protocol 78
5.4.5 Protocol Structure of Iu BC, and the Service Area
Broadcast Protocol 79
5.5 UTRAN Internal Interfaces 80
5.5.1 RNC–RNC Interface (Iur Interface)
and the RNSAP Signalling 80
5.5.2 RNC–Node B Interface and the NBAP Signalling 83
5.6 UTRAN Enhancements and Evolution 85
5.6.1 IP Transport in UTRAN 85
5.6.2 Iu Flex 85
5.6.3 Stand-Alone SMLC and Iupc Interface 86
5.6.4 Interworking Between GERAN and UTRAN,
and the Iur-g Interface 86
5.6.5 IP-Based RAN Architecture 86
5.7 UMTS CN Architecture and Evolution 87
5.7.1 Release 99 CN Elements 87
5.7.2 Release 5 CN and IP Multimedia Subsystem 88
References 89
6 Physical Layer 91
Antti Toskala
6.1 Introduction 91
6.2 Transport Channels and their Mapping to the Physical Channels 92
6.2.1 Dedicated Transport Channel 93
6.2.2 Common Transport Channels 93
6.2.3 Mapping of Transport Channels onto the Physical Channels 95
6.2.4 Frame Structure of Transport Channels 95
6.3 Spreading and Modulation 96
6.3.1 Scrambling 96
6.3.2 Channelisation Codes 96
Contents vii
6.3.3 Uplink Spreading and Modulation 98
6.3.4 Downlink Spreading and Modulation 103
6.3.5 Transmitter Characteristics 105
6.4 User Data Transmission 106
6.4.1 Uplink Dedicated Channel 106
6.4.2 Uplink Multiplexing 109
6.4.3 User Data Transmission with the Random Access Channel 111
6.4.4 Uplink Common Packet Channel 112
6.4.5 Downlink Dedicated Channel 112
6.4.6 Downlink Multiplexing 114
6.4.7 Downlink Shared Channel 116
6.4.8 Forward Access Channel for User Data Transmission 116
6.4.9 Channel Coding for User Data 116
6.4.10 Coding for TFCI Information 118
6.5 Signalling 118
6.5.1 Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) 118
6.5.2 Synchronisation Channel (SCH) 119
6.5.3 Primary Common Control Physical Channel (Primary CCPCH) 119
6.5.4 Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (Secondary CCPCH) 120
6.5.5 Random Access Channel (RACH) for Signalling Transmission 121
6.5.6 Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH) 122
6.5.7 Paging Indicator Channel (PICH) 122
6.6 Physical Layer Procedures 123
6.6.1 Fast Closed-Loop Power Control Procedure 123
6.6.2 Open-Loop Power Control 124
6.6.3 Paging Procedure 124
6.6.4 RACH Procedure 125
6.6.5 Cell Search Procedure 126
6.6.6 Transmit Diversity Procedure 127
6.6.7 Handover Measurements Procedure 128
6.6.8 Compressed Mode Measurement Procedure 129
6.6.9 Other Measurements 131
6.6.10 Operation with Adaptive Antennas 132
6.6.11 Site Selection Diversity Transmission 133
6.7 Terminal Radio Access Capabilities 134
6.8 Conclusions 137
References 137
7 Radio Interface Protocols 139
Jukka Viale´n and Antti Toskala
7.1 Introduction 139
7.2 Protocol Architecture 140
7.3 The Medium Access Control Protocol 141
7.3.1 MAC Layer Architecture 141
7.3.2 MAC Functions 142
7.3.3 Logical Channels 143
viii Contents
7.3.4 Mapping Between Logical Channels and
Transport Channels 144
7.3.5 Example Data Flow Through the MAC Layer 144
7.4 The Radio Link Control Protocol 145
7.4.1 RLC Layer Architecture 146
7.4.2 RLC Functions 147
7.4.3 Example Data Flow Through the RLC Layer 148
7.5 The Packet Data Convergence Protocol 150
7.5.1 PDCP Layer Architecture 150
7.5.2 PDCP Functions 150
7.6 The Broadcast/Multicast Control Protocol 151
7.6.1 BMC Layer Architecture 151
7.6.2 BMC Functions 151
7.7 Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service 152
7.8 The Radio Resource Control Protocol 152
7.8.1 RRC Layer Logical Architecture 152
7.8.2 RRC Service States 153
7.8.3 RRC Functions and Signalling Procedures 157
7.9 Early UE Handling Principles 171
7.10 Improvements for Call Setup Time Reduction 172
References 173
8 Radio Network Planning 175
Harri Holma, Zhi-Chun Honkasalo, Seppo Ha¨ma¨la¨inen, Jaana Laiho,
Kari Sipila¨ and Achim Wacker
8.1 Introduction 175
8.2 Dimensioning 176
8.2.1 Radio Link Budgets 177
8.2.2 Load Factors 180
8.2.3 Capacity Upgrade Paths 192
8.2.4 Capacity per km2 193
8.2.5 Soft Capacity 194
8.2.6 Network Sharing 197
8.3 Capacity and Coverage Planning and Optimisation 198
8.3.1 Iterative Capacity and Coverage Prediction 198
8.3.2 Planning Tool 199
8.3.3 Case Study 200
8.3.4 Network Optimisation 204
8.4 GSM Co-planning 207
8.5 Inter-operator Interference 209
8.5.1 Introduction 209
8.5.2 Uplink versus Downlink Effects 210
8.5.3 Local Downlink Interference 211
8.5.4 Average Downlink Interference 213
8.5.5 Path Loss Measurements 213
8.5.6 Solutions to Avoid Adjacent Channel Interference 215
Contents ix
8.6 WCDMA Frequency Variants 216
8.7 UMTS Refarming to GSM900 Band 217
8.7.1 3GPP Blocking Requirements 217
8.7.2 Uncoordinated GSM900 t UMTS900 217
8.7.3 Coordinated GSM900 t UMTS900 218
8.7.4 Remaining GSM900 Voice Capacity 220
References 221
9 Radio Resource Management 223
Harri Holma, Klaus Pedersen, Jussi Reunanen,
Janne Laakso and Oscar Salonaho
9.1 Interference-Based Radio Resource Management 223
9.2 Power Control 224
9.2.1 Fast Power Control 224
9.2.2 Outer Loop Power Control 231
9.3 Handovers 237
9.3.1 Intra-frequency Handovers 237
9.3.2 Inter-system Handovers between WCDMA and GSM 246
9.3.3 Inter-frequency Handovers within WCDMA 250
9.3.4 Summary of Handovers 251
9.4 Measurement of Air Interface Load 253
9.4.1 Uplink Load 253
9.4.2 Downlink Load 255
9.5 Admission Control 256
9.5.1 Admission Control Principle 256
9.5.2 Wideband Power-based Admission Control Strategy 257
9.5.3 Throughput-Based Admission Control Strategy 259
9.6 Load Control (Congestion Control) 259
References 260
10 Packet Scheduling 261
Jeroen Wigard, Harri Holma, Renaud Cuny, Nina Madsen, Frank Frederiksen
and Martin Kristensson
10.1 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 261
10.2 Round Trip Time 268
10.3 User-specific Packet Scheduling 270
10.3.1 Common Channels (RACH/FACH) 271
10.3.2 Dedicated Channel (DCH) 272
10.3.3 Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH) 274
10.3.4 Uplink Common Packet Channel (CPCH) 274
10.3.5 Selection of Transport Channel 274
10.3.6 Paging Channel States 278
10.4 Cell-specific Packet Scheduling 278
10.4.1 Priorities 280
x Contents
10.4.2 Scheduling Algorithms 281
10.4.3 Packet Scheduler in Soft Handover 281
10.5 Packet Data System Performance 283
10.5.1 Link Level Performance 283
10.5.2 System Level Performance 284
10.6 Packet Data Application Performance 286
10.6.1 Introduction to Application Performance 287
10.6.2 Person-to-person Applications 288
10.6.3 Content-to-person Applications 292
10.6.4 Business Connectivity 294
10.6.5 Conclusions on Application Performance 297
References 298
11 Physical Layer Performance 299
Harri Holma, Jussi Reunanen, Leo Chan, Preben Mogensen,
Klaus Pedersen, Kari Horneman, Jaakko Vihria¨la¨ and Markku Juntti
11.1 Introduction 299
11.2 Cell Coverage 299
11.2.1 Uplink Coverage 302
11.2.2 Downlink Coverage 311
11.3 Downlink Cell Capacity 312
11.3.1 Downlink Orthogonal Codes 312
11.3.2 Downlink Transmit Diversity 317
11.3.3 Downlink Voice Capacity 319
11.4 Capacity Trials 321
11.4.1 Single Cell Capacity Trials 321
11.4.2 Multicell Capacity Trials 335
11.4.3 Summary 337
11.5 3GPP Performance Requirements 339
11.5.1 Eb=N0 Performance 339
11.5.2 RF Noise Figure 342
11.6 Performance Enhancements 343
11.6.1 Smart Antenna Solutions 343
11.6.2 Multiuser Detection 350
References 359
12 High-Speed Downlink Packet Access 363
Antti Toskala, Harri Holma, Troels Kolding, Preben Mogensen,
Klaus Pedersen and Jussi Reunanen
12.1 Release 99 WCDMA Downlink Packet Data Capabilities 363
12.2 HSDPA Concept 364
12.3 HSDPA Impact on Radio Access Network Architecture 366
12.4 Release 4 HSDPA Feasibility Study Phase 367
12.5 HSDPA Physical Layer Structure 367
Contents xi
12.5.1 High-Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH) 368
12.5.2 High-speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH) 371
12.5.3 Uplink High-speed Dedicated Physical Control
Channel (HS-DPCCH) 373
12.5.4 HSDPA Physical Layer Operation Procedure 374
12.6 HSDPA Terminal Capability and Achievable Data Rates 376
12.7 Mobility with HSDPA 377
12.7.1 Measurement Event for Best Serving HS-DSCH Cell 378
12.7.2 Intra-Node B HS-DSCH to HS-DSCH Handover 378
12.7.3 Inter-Node–Node B HS-DSCH to HS-DSCH Handover 380
12.7.4 HS-DSCH to DCH Handover 381
12.8 HSDPA Performance 382
12.8.1 Factors Governing Performance 382
12.8.2 Spectral Efficiency, Code Efficiency and Dynamic Range 383
12.8.3 User Scheduling, Cell Throughput and Coverage 386
12.8.4 HSDPA Network Performance with Mixed
Non-HSDPA and HSDPA Terminals 391
12.9 HSPA Link Budget 393
12.10 HSDPA Iub Dimensioning 396
12.11 HSPA Round-Trip Time 397
12.12 Terminal Receiver Aspects 397
12.13 Evolution in Release 6 399
12.14 Conclusions 401
References 401
13 High-Speed Uplink Packet Access 403
Antti Toskala, Harri Holma and Karri Ranta-aho
13.1 Release 99 WCDMA Downlink Packet Data Capabilities 403
13.2 HSUPA Concept 404
13.3 HSUPA Impact on Radio Access Network Architecture 405
13.3.1 HSUPA Iub operation 407
13.4 HSUPA Feasibility Study Phase 407
13.5 HSUPA Physical Layer Structure 408
13.6 E-DCH and Related Control Channels 408
13.6.1 Enhanced Dedicated Physical Data Channel (E-DPDCH) 408
13.6.2 Enhanced Dedicated Physical Control Channel (E-DPCCH) 410
13.6.3 E-DCH Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (E-HICH) 411
13.6.4 E-DCH Relative Grant Channel (E-RGCH) 412
13.6.5 E-DCH Absolute Grant Channel (E-AGCH) 412
13.7 HSUPA Physical Layer Operation Procedure 413
13.7.1 HSUPA and HSDPA Simultaneous Operation 414
13.8 HSUPA Terminal Capability 416
13.9 HSUPA Performance 416
13.9.1 Increased Data Rates 417
13.9.2 Physical Layer Retransmission Combining 417
13.9.3 Node B-Based Scheduling 417
xii Contents
13.9.4 HSUPA Link Budget Impact 419
13.9.5 Delay and QoS 419
13.9.6 Overall Capacity 419
13.10 Conclusions 421
References 421
14 Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service 423
Harri Holma, Martin Kristensson and Jorma Kaikkonen
14.1 Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service Concept 423
14.2 MBMS Impact on Network Architecture 426
14.3 High-Level MBMS Procedures 428
14.4 MBMS Radio Interface Channel Structure 430
14.4.1 Logical Channels 430
14.4.2 Transport Channels 430
14.4.3 Physical Channels 430
14.4.4 Point-to-Point and Point-to-Multipoint Connections 431
14.4.5 Example Radio Interface Procedure During MBMS
Session Start 432
14.5 MBMS Terminal Capability 433
14.5.1 Selective Combining and Soft Combining 433
14.6 MBMS Performance 435
14.6.1 The 3GPP Performance Requirements 435
14.6.2 Simulated MBMS Cell Capacity 436
14.6.3 Iub Transport Capacity 438
14.7 MBMS Deployment and Use Cases 439
14.8 Benchmarking of MBMS with DVB-H 440
14.9 3GPP MBMS Evolution in Release 7 440
14.10 Summary 442
References 442
15 High-Speed Packet Access Evolution (HSPA+) in 3GPP Release 7 445
Harri Holma, Antti Toskala, Karri Ranta-aho, Juho Pirskanen
and Jorma Kaikkonen
15.1 Introduction 445
15.2 Setup Time Reduction 445
15.3 Peak Data Rate Increase with MIMO and 16QAM/64QAM 448
15.4 Layer 2 Optimisation 450
15.5 Throughput Evolution with Enhanced Terminals 453
15.6 Mobile Power Consumption Reduction with Continuous
Packet Connectivity 456
15.7 Voice-over-IP (VoIP) Capacity Enhancements 458
15.8 Flat Architecture 459
15.9 Summary 461
References 461
Contents xiii
16 UTRAN Long-Term Evolution 463
Antti Toskala and Harri Holma
16.1 Background 463
16.2 Multiple Access and Architecture Decisions 464
16.3 LTE Impact on Network Architecture 466
16.4 LTE Multiple Access 467
16.4.1 OFDMA Principles 467
16.4.2 SC-FDMA Principles 470
16.5 LTE Physical Layer Design and Parameters 473
16.6 LTE Protocols 475
16.7 Performance 477
16.7.1 Peak Bit Rates 477
16.7.2 Spectral Efficiency 478
16.7.3 Link Budget and Coverage 480
16.8 Summary 483
References 483
17 UTRA TDD Modes 485
Antti Toskala, Harri Holma, Otto Lehtinen and Heli Va¨a¨ta¨ja¨
17.1 Introduction 485
17.1.1 Time Division Duplex (TDD) 486
17.1.2 Differences in the Network-Level Architecture. 487
17.2 UTRA TDD Physical Layer 488
17.2.1 Transport and Physical Channels 489
17.2.2 Modulation and Spreading 489
17.2.3 Physical Channel Structures, Slot and Frame Format 490
17.2.4 UTRA TDD Physical Layer Procedures 495
17.3 UTRA TDD Interference Evaluation 499
17.3.1 TDD–TDD Interference 499
17.3.2 TDD and FDD Coexistence 501
17.3.3 Unlicensed TDD Operation 503
17.3.4 Conclusions on UTRA TDD Interference 503
17.4 HSDPA Operation with TDD 504
17.5 Release 7 TDD Enhancements 505
17.6 Concluding Remarks and Future Outlook on UTRA TDD 505
References 506
18 Terminal Radio-Frequency Design Challenges 507
Laurent Noe¨l, Antti Toskala and Dominique Brunel
18.1 Introduction 507
18.2 Transmitter Chain System Design Challenges 509
18.2.1 The Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio/Power Consumption Trade-off 509
18.2.2 Phase Discontinuity 514
xiv Contents
18.3 Receiver Chain Design Challenges 515
18.3.1 UE Reference Sensitivity System Requirements 516
18.3.2 Inter-Operator Interference 523
18.3.3 Impact of RF Impairments on HSDPA System Performance 526
18.4 Multi-Mode/Band Challenges 527
18.4.1 From Mono-Mode/Mono-Band to
Multi-Mode/Multi-Band and Diversity 527
18.4.2 New Requirements due to Coexistence 527
18.4.3 Front-End Integration Strategies and Design Trends 529
18.4.4 Impact on Today’s Architectures 531
18.5 Conclusions 532
References 532
Index